Section · Models & TechnologyIndependent · Published in Germany

The models, and the stack beneath them

DeepSeek, Qwen, GLM, Kimi: Chinese models now compete at the frontier — and win on price. We follow the releases, the licences, the chips they train on, and what each of them means for a European buyer.

7 analyses · 8 model families tracked

Five trends we track

01

Efficiency as a design principle

Mixture-of-experts, cheaper reinforcement learning, smaller clusters: what began as a response to export controls is now a cost advantage.

02

Open weights as ecosystem strategy

Open models build developer communities and set de facto standards — and route those developers to the cloud behind them.

03

Multimodality and video

China’s internet is video-first. Its labs ship video generation that has an audience, and revenue, on day one.

04

Reasoning and agents

From R1’s step-by-step reasoning to agents that buy, book and order inside super-apps.

05

Content rules travel with the model

Chinese models are subject to Chinese content requirements. What that means outside China is a question we keep examining.

Models

Two Chinese models are already above Beijing’s new export line

Total parameters in billions. The red line marks two trillion — the threshold in China’s October 2026 draft export controls, above which model weights would need a licence. Open-weight releases are exempted.

Kimi K3Moonshot2,780 bn
Qwen3.8-MaxAlibaba2,400 bn
Ling-3.1-flashAnt Group560 bn
GLM-5.3-FlashZhipu AI320 bn
DeepSeek V4-FlashDeepSeek304 bn
MiniMax M2.5MiniMax229 bn
MiniCPM-V 4.7ModelBest35 bn

Graphic: Inside China AI · Sources: model cards on Hugging Face; Alibaba, Ant Group, ModelBest announcements (company figures); export threshold per China’s Ministry of Commerce draft, 16 October 2026. Details in our Model Tracker.

Open weights

Permissive licences win the downloads

Hugging Face downloads over 30 days, in millions, retrieved 1 September 2026. Red: licence with a commercial gate.

Qwen3.8-27BApache 2.04.96 m
DeepSeek V4-FlashMIT4.65 m
Kimi K3Custom, revenue-gated2.78 m
GLM-5.3-FlashMIT0.44 m

Graphic: Inside China AI · Source: Hugging Face download counts, 1 September 2026, as reported in Open Weights, Two Meanings.

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